Animal Testing in Drug Industry - 2405 Words

Animal Testing in Drug Industry: Is It Appropriate or Not? Millions of people were killed by incurable diseases, such as smallpox, rabies, et cetera before the 18th century due to lack of knowledge in developing drugs and vaccine at that time. People caught by the diseases were hopeless because they knew that no one could help them. In the mid 1800s, animal testing was introduced to drug industry by Edward Jenner (Trueman, 2002). His brilliant discovery in developing smallpox vaccine by using animals helped a lot of people and gave hope to the medical field that incurable diseases were not incurable anymore. Although he was not the first man to use animal in experiments, his success made animal testing become commonly used in drug†¦show more content†¦Verbal language is not the only means of communication. We can notice a persons emotions without him saying anything because of non-verbal language or body language he expressed. If we can examine body language in human, then we are also able to observe non-verbal language of animals. In accordance to Charles Darwin in his book, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, many of the non-verbal reactions of human in expressing emotions are identical with those of animals (Darwin, 1873). Thus, there is no reason that one, especially a scientist who has conducted a lot of experiments with animals, does not know whether an animal is suffering from mental pain or not. As psychological pains caused by animal testing offends the tested animals welfare, alternative methods must be used to replace animal testing. Animal testing not only afflicts animals being used, but also our society. A lot of harsh protests and terrorism have been done against animal testing. Those actions have caused many public losses. Plenty of innocent people have died; many unrelated private companies have been accidentally involved in the damaging acts, and numerous public facilitations have been ruined in those actions which are usually conducted by animal-lovers organizations. Animal Liberation Front (ALF) is one of the most extreme animal-rights-advocate organizations. According to FBI, ALF has been causing 1,200 vicious acts since 1900 and millions of dollarShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation Should Be Banned1426 Words   |  6 Pagesjudged by the way its animals are treated.† - Mahatma Gandhi. These famous words still ring true in today’s society as we struggle to overcome the scientific experimentation on animals. Animals have acted as the archstone of human civilization since the dawn of man, from a source of food, to companionship. However, in the past century, we have been blurring the line between environmental entitlement and environmental rape. Every member of the human race interacts and depends on animals, and we owe themRead MoreDrug Development Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesDrug development This entire section on drug development highlights concerns which are very particular to the industry. They therefore lead to the implementation of CSR activities which are also very industry specific, although aspects such as animal testing and ethics in research can be shared by other industries such as the cosmetics industry, or the medical device sector for instance. Need for RD and innovation Today, the need for RD and innovation is great, maybe greater than ever. In theRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing in the Research Field1416 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal research, or animal testing, is the use of animals in scientific researches to study and develop drugs for the life-taking diseases that human beings contract. It has been practiced for hundreds of years. Animal testing helps produced many vaccines and other drugs, like penicillin, and thus, save many human lives. On the other hand, animal testing also causes pain and kills a lot of animals used during the researches that many people oppose this practice. Supporters show their support, whileRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned858 Words   |  4 Pageshomework. However in the livestock industry cheating happens in many other ways. Obviously, the main goal when showing an animal is to win, or make the sale at their respective shows. How far will exhibitors actually go to win a show though? In recent years there has been controversy at many major livestock shows over drug testing, and animals testing hot for illegal drugs which means when tested there was traces found of illegal substances within the animal. This is not the only way people haveRead MoreAnimal Research And Testing For Human Health Essay1159 Words   |  5 PagesRelying on animal research and testing to protect and improve human health is not only unsafe, but also expensive, time-consuming, and unreliable. Problems of extrapolation, applying information from animal research to humans, are inevitable when researchers use animal models to study human diseases. Species differences in anatomy, organ structure and function, toxin metabolism, chemical and drug absorption, and mechanisms of DNA repair, can give us inadequate or erroneous information when we attemptRead More`` Save The Animals : Stop Animal Testing `` By Lara Weber1241 Words   |  5 PagesThe testing of animals is deemed to be crue l and inhumane because of the way the animals get treated. In the article, â€Å"Women Fought for humane treatment of Chicago’s dogs, cats, horses written by Lara Weber describes how the conditions of where these animals lived were. In a Chicago pound for animals, three hundred dogs cried and were extremely cold from the conditions outside (Weber 1). These animals were in terrible conditions and the city should not be proud of it. Within a couple of days theseRead MoreAnimal Testing And Why It Should Continue1390 Words   |  6 PagesIsaiah Tuppince Mr. Greer English 2 October 21st, 2015 Animal Testing and Why It Should Continue Jeremy Bentham once said, â€Å"The question is not, ‘Can they reason?’ nor, ‘Can they talk?’ but ‘Can they suffer?’† Animal testing is becoming a conflict right now and I believe that Animal testing should be stopped because it is cruel and inhuman, Alternative testing technologies exist, the lack of reliability, and it is expensive. Another quote once said was by Martin Luther King Jr stating â€Å"Never, neverRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1364 Words   |  6 Pagesthe newest drug therapy on the market, many people do not think about how products are formulated for their safety and benefit. Using animals for these experimentations usually does not come to mind. Animals are often abused, suffer, and even die during laboratory testing for the benefits of people to make sure medications, household products, newest procedures, and cosmetics are safe and effective for human use. Humans have benefited from animal testing for year s while these animals suffer consequencesRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing905 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing has been the target of animal cruelty groups since the beginning of its existence, but the benefits it provides, humans and animals far greater than the type of method that is used to get the results. Scientists Karl Landsteiner’s success in finding a cure to polio is an example of how the benefits of animal testing helped better future human lives. In his experiments he discovered that Polio viruses had three variations, meaning that they would have to produce a product that couldRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1673 Words   |  7 Pages8322020 Animal Slavery Imagine you being tested on what do you think that feels like ? The total amount of animals used for testing on agriculture experiments is 1.13 million. This is only in the agriculture industry. Now imagine all the other industries that allow animal testing.They’re rights are being violated and there is nothing they can do about it but just take the pain that they don’t deserve. All of this could be stopped but to stop it has to begin somewhere. Animal testing does nothing

In Harms Way Free Essays

Essay over In Harm’s Way By Doug Stanton | Would captain Mcvay still be alive today if he hadn’t been convicted of failing to zigzag or sending out a distress signal? Would his life have been different? This essay will concentrate on what took place aboard the ship and the continuing debate on the guilt of Captain Charles Butler Mcvay III in the tragedy of the sinking of the USS Indianapolis. Mcvay was descended from a long line of navy men. He attended the Naval War College and completed his studies in International law. We will write a custom essay sample on In Harms Way or any similar topic only for you Order Now After leaving the naval war college, he worked on twelve different ships in the Atlantic and in the Pacific. In 1943, he was executive officer of the cruiser Cleveland in the battle of Solomon Islands and was honored for his service with the Silver Star. Later, he was appointed chairman of the Joint Intelligence Staff in the Office of Vice Chief of Naval Operations in Washington, DC. Mcvay was skilled and experienced man. He was taught by the best, and the navy knew he was ready to become Captain. With years of training, Mcvay was given the position of captain for the first time in 1945, to the USS Indianapolis. Mcvay’s first assignment was to leave San Francisco and deliver what was known as the â€Å"little Boy,† an atomic bomb to be dropped on Hiroshima. This was a top secret mission. What at first appeared to be a smooth operation would become a terrible ordeal. On Sunday July 29th, 1945, during the return of the secret mission the USS Indy was mortally wounded by two torpedoes and sank in minutes. This would have been prevented if a destroy escort would have been assigned. Ignored in the battlefield sea of Guam for five days, the 1,196 soldiers (not including the ones that died from the torpedoes) underwent five dreadful days in the middle of the Pacific Ocean only 317 brave soldiers made it home. An estimated 50 per day were eaten by sharks. Why no one warned captain Mcvay about the enemies lurking the Peddie route is unquestionable. Then to blame Captain Mcvay for failing to zigzag or sending out a distress signal in a timely manner is most definitely not fair. Before departing to Leyte, Mcvay asked if having escort was necessary. Unknown to Captain Mcvay, three days before the USS Indy’s departure for Leyte, the destroyer escort USS Underhill had been hit by torpedoes along the Peddie trail. Mcvay was not notified of this danger because intelligence matters were not discussed with captains. Had Mcvay been warned of this situation, he would have never put his crew in danger. The ship was ready to leave on Monday July 16, 1945. Inwardly Mcvay was tense but calm. He was taught by the best and was ready for anything. Not Long before July 26th, 1945, just before Mcvay had convinced himself that the secret mission would go smoothly, he was assigned to follow in the same route that Japanese submarines were waiting. The ride was going smooth. There was no sign of Japanese submarines, but heavy cloud cover was highly limiting visibility. Mcvay was told that he could cease zigzagging in conditions that limited his visibility. The intelligence report assured him that his route was clear of enemy traffic, but Lt. Commander Hashimoto, in charge of a Japanese sub was in the position of the USS Indy. At 12:04pm he fired, â€Å"the first torpedo hit the forward starboard or right side and blew an estimated sixty- feet of the bow skyward. It was simply obliterated. The second explosion occurred closer to midship and was even more massive† (102) the ship was blown in half. In this situation, all the captain could do was rely on his intuition and knowledge. As soon as this happen, Mcvay told Commander John Janney to head to radio room 1 and send out a distress message, that the ship had been hit by a torpedo. Mcvay’s message â€Å"we need assistance, on the double† (106). Mcvay needed Lt. Orr to help assist with the message but it was no use, the water had damaged both radio shack rooms. Mcvay now looked for further direction and support but was unsuccessful and knew he was in danger. Mcvay knew that the ship had acquired a lot of damage, but in his mind he felt strongly that the USS Indianapolis and his crew would be saved. There was absolutely nothing that Mcvay could to do stay clear of these torpedoes but wait for backup. Mcvay was left with two alternatives: Abandon ship and undergo possible court martial, or not abandon ship and lose more lives. Mcvay choose to abandon ship. It was the only choice he had left. Mcvay would take full responsibility for his actions. In this situation Mcvay could only fight for what he believed was right. Due to confusion and misunderstanding at the destination arrival port, the crew of the USS Indy would be left to fend for their selves for a long horrifying five days. Meanwhile, the surviving crew had been floating at sea for a shocking five days. Their bodies were deteriorated from the salt water. Broken arms and legs filled them with unbearable pain. The shark attacks were something out of a horror movie and the minutes felt like forever. â€Å"Don’t give up, men,† (179) Mcvay told his crew, while every moment he felt like giving up himself. Even though it wasn’t Mcvay fault, he began to fill with guilt. All communication had been cut off and there were no rescue boats or plans in sight for days, what more could Mcvay have done? On Thursday august 2nd, Lt. Wilbur Gwinn, a pilot of a Ventura scout bomber lost his weight from the navigational antenna in back of the plane. Turning back, to base, he would make a remarkable discovery. He described the scene as looking like an oil slick. As he followed the trail he wasn’t sure what it had come from, but he was now on a mission. Bodies were scattered everywhere. Floating men appeared covered in oil from the explosion, half eaten and exhausted. He immediately would call for rescue at 11:25, Lt. Gwinn sent out a message to the headquarters on Peleliu stating â€Å"sighted 30 survivors 011-30 North 133-30 East† (216). Unfortunately this was the first report of the USS Indy being lost. At his trail, Mcvay was charged with â€Å"failure to zigzag in conditions that it considered good with intermittent moonlight; and his failure to send out a distress message in a timely manner. † Those families that never saw their son or sons again, would later feel betrayed and lied to. The families were simply convinced that Mcvay was at fault. He was convicted and demoted 100 points in permanent rank and also in temporary rank, meaning he could never become admiral again and this meant his career was over. He was tough though. He was â€Å"a navy man and he would live and die by its rules† (267). With all the evidence that supported Mcvay, he was still convicted of the crime. This was not fair, Mcvay should have never been charged for someone else’s mistake. Life could have been much easier for him, if he had been rewarded with a metal of bravery and honor. As the years passed and a Christmas or any holiday would arrive, Mcvay would receive letters from the families who sons had died at sea blaming him for their death. He would collect save all the letters for a reminder of what he had done. Years went by and Charles Butler Mcvay III never again felt the same. He blamed himself for what went wrong. Captain Mcvay could no longer deal with the pain and remorse anymore. One evening he walked outside on to his back porch and shot himself in the head. People can’t imagine what it was like to be stranded in the Pacific Ocean and to not know if you are going to live or die. Only the survivors know how truly terrible this ordeal was. Many lives could have been saved if just one mistake could have been avoided, in a long line of mistakes. If the USS Indy had been escorted during the Peddie route, would this have saved the crew from undergoing an attack? What if Mcvay was never told to cease zigzagging in conditions that limited his view? Could this have prevented the torpedoes from hitting the Indy? Would it had mattered if the USS Indy’s distress call was heard and back up had arrived in time to save her from sinking? All of these could have possibly been avoided, but we will never know. What we know is that Charles Butler Mcvay III was convicted of a crime. He became the navy’s scapegoat. This was a terrible injustice and he was simply sent out In Harm’s Way. How to cite In Harms Way, Papers

Plessy v Ferguson vs. Brown v Board of Education of Topeka Kansas free essay sample

Topeka Kansas, Supreme Court, Jim Crow laws In our country’s history, the Supreme Court has overridden its past decisions only ten times. The most important of these overturned decisions are the rulings the Supreme Court made in the Plessy vs. Ferguson case and the Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. These are arguably the two most important court cases in our nation’s history. Plessy vs. Ferguson and Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas had almost exact opposite consequences. While the Plessy vs. Ferguson case established the doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal† and allowed for acts such as the Jim Crow laws to pass, Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas not only abolished the doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal†, but it also played a major role in ending segregation by strengthening the civil rights movement. Homer Plessy, a Louisiana resident, was light colored, but he had a black great-grandfather, which by law, made him black. Plessy lived in Louisiana. In Louisiana, there was a legislation in place that required every railway to have different railcars, one for whites, and one for colored races. Plessy sat in the white car. When a white passenger boarded the train, Plessy was told to give up his seat. When he refused, a detective put him in jail. Plessy pleaded innocent, but was convicted. Plessy and his lawyer appealed to the federal district courts. The district court upheld the decision of the lower courts. Plessy then appealed to the Supreme Court. Linda Brown had to walk six blocks every day to ride her bus, which would take her 1 mile away to a segregated black school. Her white friends, however, went to a â€Å"white† school only about seven blocks away. Linda Brown’s father, Oliver Brown, enrolled her in the â€Å"white† school, Sumner School, but she was not accepted into the school on basis of her race. Her father became very mad and with the parents of twenty other colored children, filed a class action lawsuit against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. He eventually appealed to the Supreme Court. After Homer Plessy appealed to the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court evaluated the case, and came to a 7-1 discussion against Plessy (Justice David Josiah did not participate because of the death of his daughter). In his majority opinion, Justice Brown wrote, â€Å"We consider the underlying fallacy of the plaintiff’s argument to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority. If this be so, it is not by reason of anything found in the act, but solely because the colored race chooses to put that construction upon it.† Justice Brown is stating that the 14th Amendment says that all races are equal, but it does not prevent separating the facilities and services provided to each race. Any person from any race who believes his race is inferior to others because of segregation is wrong. The facilities were separate, but they were supposedly equal. This however, was not the case. While the Supreme Court could find no difference between the â€Å"black† car and the â€Å"white† car, many segregated facilities were not equal in the slightest sense. Justice John Marshall Harlan, the only justice who disagreed, wrote a strong dissent. In his dissent, he said that this case would be infamous. The Supreme Court considered Brown’s case very carefully. It was interesting to see how time changed the justices’ views. At first, only a few justices agreed to desegregate schools and other facilities. However, after a few weeks, Chief Justice Earl Warren called a convening of the Supreme Court justices. He gave a speech; a very famous speech. Warren came up with a simple argument: segregation was sustained only because of an honest belief in the supposed inferiority of blacks. He also said that the Supreme Court must overrule Plessy vs. Ferguson to maintain its legitimacy as an institution of liberty. He also said that the Supreme Court must override its previous decision in Plessy vs. Ferguson unanimously to prevent any resistance. So, the Supreme Court voted unanimously to override its decision made in Plessy vs. Ferguson. In the majority opinion, Warren wrote that segregated facilities are separated and therefore, inherently unequal. Plessy vs. Ferguson encouraged segregation. Segregation existed before Plessy vs. Ferguson, mostly in the South. Plessy vs. Ferguson strengthened segregation laws. It promoted the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine. It also strengthened a previous decision in which the Supreme Court let the state have legislative immunity when issuing laws that dealt with race, only requiring the laws to treat people from all races equally. Congress had no say in this area. Plessy vs. Ferguson also served as the basis for other cases, such as Lum vs. Rice, in which a Mississippi school was allowed to exclude a Chinese American girl. It also allowed segregation to spread northward. The doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal† allowed for separate facilities, but consistently they were unequal. â€Å"Black† restaurants were not as nice or clean as â€Å"white† restaurants. This applied to schools, theaters, hotels, and almost every public facility. Plessy vs. Ferguson also allowed for the passing of the Jim Crow laws, which were passed mainly to keep African Americans from voting by requiring voters to give proof that they owned land and to pass a literacy test at poll stations. Every facility was segregated, but not many were equal. In Topeka, Kansas, Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas saw the end of segregation in all elementary and middle schools; high schools were already integrated. While Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas did see many facilities integrated, there was much opposition and resistance to this Supreme Court ruling. In the state of Virginia, Sen. Harry F. Byrd Sr. organized a movement called the Massive Resistance movement, which shut down schools rather than integrating them. The Attorney General of Texas, John Ben Shepperd, organized a campaign with the sole purpose of generating legal obstacles to integration. In 1957, possibly the most remembered example of opposition to integration, nine black students tried to enter Little Rock Central High School. Arkansas’s governor, Gov. Orval Faubus, called out his state’s National Guard to block them from entering. President Dwight D. Eisenhower deployed parts of the 101st Airborne Division and federalized Arkansas’s National Guard. Another infamous response was the Stand in the Schoolhouse Door where Alabama’s own governor, Gov. George Wallace himself stood and blocked the door at the University of Alabama to prevent two black students from enrolling. He only moved when confronted by General Henry Graham of the Alabama National Guard. Gen. Henry Graham was ordered by President John F. Kennedy to intervene. However, Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas did strengthen the Civil Rights Movement, and played a major role in ending segregation. The 14th amendment has several sections. It discusses citizenship. If a person is born in the United States, Puerto Rico, or any other United States territory, or is born to American parents, they are automatically citizens. If a person does not fall in any of these categories, they can go through the naturalization process to become citizens. It also refutes the three-fifths compromise. It says that representatives shall be based on population of whole persons. The 14th amendment also says that a person cannot hold any kind of political or elected office if they have engaged in any form of rebellion against the U.S. However, the most important point of the 14th amendment is the Equal Protection Clause. It says, â€Å"†¦no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.† It forbids states from denying any person â€Å"life, liberty or property, without due process of law†. Seven Supreme Court justices decided that segregating facilities did not violate the 14th amendment. Facilities were separated, but they were supposedly equal. The seven justices who voted against Plessy in Plessy vs. Ferguson believed that segregated facilities were â€Å"separate but equal†. This was not just an expression. This became a doctrine. This one phrase allowed segregation to creep into the north, and allowed southern states to pass Jim Crow laws, which prevented most African Americans from voting. These are only a few consequences out of the many that were a result of the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy vs. Ferguson. The justices who unanimously voted to overturn Plessy vs. Ferguson in Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas said that segregation in itself is inequality, and it therefore violates the 14th amendment of the Constitution, the supreme law of the land. Chief Justice Earl Warren stated it beautifully when he said that segregation is only the byproduct of an â€Å"honest belief in the inferiority of the Negroes†. So, the decision the justices made in Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas was not just against segregation laws, it was against the cultural mindset of that time. Now, it is the most remembered court case of all time. The 14th amendment states that all races are equal and have to be treated as such. Chief Justice Warren said that segregation is inherently unequal. Therefore, by the transitive property, the 14th amendment is violated when segregation is present. These two cases are most likely the most important court cases in the entire history of the United States. One encouraged segregation and inequality while the other fought and reversed a mindset that was hundreds of years old. Although Plessy vs. Ferguson encouraged segregation, allowed for the passing of Jim Crow laws, and portrayed blacks as inferior all under the doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal†, Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas reversed the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision, helped desegregate races and allowed for everyone to have equal opportunities. Works Cited American Psychological Association. (2004, September 1). Desegragation to Diversity? Retrieved March 5, 2013, from American Psychological Association: http://www.apa.org/monitor/sep04/deseg.aspx Brown v Board of Education Decision. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2013, from http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis54.htm#1954bvbe Madison, J. (1789). The Constitution (Vol. I). Philidelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America. Retrieved March 5, 2013 Primary Documents in American History. (n.d.). Retrieved from Library of Congress: http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/articles.html Prins, H. (2005, April 11). Toward a World without Evil: Alfred Mà ©traux as UNESCO Anthropologist (1946-1962). Retrieved March 5, 2013, from United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization: http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30431URL_DO=DO_TOPICURL_SECTION=201.html Remy, R. C., Patrick, J. J., Clayton, G. E., Saffell, D. C., Zike, D. (2008). Civics Today: Citizenship, Economics, You (1st ed., Vol. I). (B. Bartels, J. Baumgartner, J. Biddle, N. R. Cope, N. Lind, S. McClurg, . . . B. Yousif, Eds.) New York City, New York, United States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Retrieved March 6, 2013 Sutherland, A. E. (1954,

Where Are You Going free essay sample

In this 1966 short story written by Joyce Carol Oates, fifteen-year-old Connie is a self-absorbed teenager who spends her time fantasizing about romance and searching for attention from men. While out with a suitor, a strange man promises her, Im gonna get you, baby (2). Connie doesnt think much of the incident until one day while alone at home; the man comes to â€Å"get† her. The assailant, Arnold Friend, is kind at first then progressively becomes aggressive and violent towards her. Though at first she enjoys Arnold’s attention, once his demands become sexual and violent, her confidence diminishes. While Connie attempts to evade Arnold’s commands, she becomes powerless against the man and eventually follows him to â€Å"go for a ride† (3). While â€Å"Where are you going, Where have you been,† appears to simply be a tragic story about the abduction and rape of a young girl, it is more importantly a statement of the time on the over-sexualization in the media. We will write a custom essay sample on Where Are You Going or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From the time period the story was written, the 1960’s, we know that society as a whole was exploding with counter-culture and rebellion. In response to the Vietnam War, for the first time in history, music rapidly became highly influential and that of a sexual nature. This first wave of over-sexualized media is what influenced Connie and millions of the time to exploit their sexuality. The youth of the time period are commonly thought of as being extremely responsive to the world around them. With music being more suggestive than in the past and young people being more expressive and experimental, Connie grew up in a drastically changing world complete with the need to be sexual and to really stand out in order to be noticed. Media became more widespread and important in the 60’s than it had ever been before. When the TV and radio weren’t focusing on the war efforts in Vietnam, they showed the youth’s protest, and push to â€Å"Make Love, Not War:† an iconic phrase that illustrates the push towards sexuality during that time. Connie, an adolescent of this explosive period, is a prime example of sexualization in the media having a detrimental effect on a person. It is her need to be desired that makes her appealing to Arnold Friend, and leads to her demise later in the story. Music is a major theme in the story: Connie constantly listens to music and associates music with pleasure in multiple instances. At one point, she even says she â€Å"listened to the music that made everything so good† (2). Upon Arnold’s arrival we see that he is listening to the same music as Connie, which serves as a way to connect them. Since music plays such a prevalent role in Connie’s life, we can conclude that music is the media that influences her to behave in a sexual manner. From the music that she listens to, Bobby King, we get the impression that she links her idea of romance (that derives from the music she listens to) to the confidence and maturity she pretends to have when it comes to boys. Music plays in every situation where she intends to be sexually desired; while out with boys, out with her friend searching for attention, while laying out in her backyard, and even at the beginning of her conversation with Arnold. Music and Connie’s sexuality are inextricable tied togetheronce Connie becomes frightened of Arnold and is no longer exploiting her sexuality, there is no further mention of music in the story. While it is understood that Arnold will most likely harm Connie, he also is whisking her away (or saving her) from a morally loose societythat very same society that made her the over-sexualized girl we see in the beginning of the story. Everything about Connie indicates that she has been socialized into how the media thinks a young girl should befrom her suggestive clothing to her desperate attempt to be sexually desirable to the male population. Despite what she leads on, Connie is actually sexually innocent. Her innocence is echoed by her child-like naivety of opening her front door to a complete stranger while alone, as well as the fear that consumes her while she could have been calling the police to prevent her murder. Arnold’s desire for the young Connie may be Oates’ way of portraying how perverse the media’s ploy to sexualize America’s youth is as well. The â€Å"Lolita Effect† is even a relatively recent concept. A â€Å"lolita† is a young girl who is viewed in a sexual manner, while the â€Å"lolita effect† is not only the corruption of a child by an adult, but exploiting an adult by a child that has been corrupted by society. Connie exploits her sexuality so well in the beginning of the story. It is her sexualization at such a young age that causes Arnold to find her attractive and is the real life tragedy that comes from the story. By the end of the story, as the title suggests, Connie undergoes a major change. She ties to be an adult, but when Arnold challenges her with sexual advances, we see the frightened child she is. Arnold is merely an agent to portray the evils that exist in the media. He illuminates the fact that our culture’s media gives young girls the unattainable idea that they must behave in a certain way in order to be attractive, and that a man finding them sexually attractive is of upmost importance even as a pre-teen. The sexualization of young girls causes adult men to be attracted to them, creating an even further over-sexualized society. A young girl’s sexuality is such a vital aspect of the maturation process: a process that is malfunctioning or happening far too soon because of the media. It is the evil in the media that causes Connie to fall victim to the media’s harmful portrayal of femininity. Media teaches us that being a typical young woman in today’s society is contingent on the amount of sexuality her appearance exudes. Connie so perfectly replicates how young girls in America that are being over-sexualized through music or television without even being aware of it. The tragic way that Connie is stripped of her childhood suggests that â€Å"where you are going,† is dependent on where you have been. In â€Å"Where are you going, Where have you been? † Oates’ does a terrific job of hyperbolizing the affects of the media’s influence while pointing out the very unexaggerated truth that over-sexualization in the media is detrimental to all aspects of society.

Roles of Ngos to Development Essays

Roles of Ngos to Development Essays Roles of Ngos to Development Essay Roles of Ngos to Development Essay EXAMINE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF NGO’s TO DEVELOPMENT NGO is an acronym which stands for â€Å"non-governmental organization. The UN defines an NGO as a kind of private organization that is independent from government control and is non-profit, non-criminal and simply an opposition party. According to professor Peter Willets, from the university of London , argues the definition of NGO as an independent voluntary association of people acting together on a continuous basis for some common purpose other than achieving government office, making money or illegal activities. The most common classification of NGOs is by orientation and level of operation. Orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on, these may include human rights, environmental protection or development works. Level of operation refers to whether it is community based, citywide, national or international. The contributions to NGO’s are: Education, this plays a major role in development since without it development cannot take place. Education can be formal or non-formal. They provide teaching and learning materials for some schools in the deprived areas in Ghana, improved access to education for adults and child rights in quality education. An example is GIGDEV an NGO based in the north which aims at helping adolescent girls by training them in batik tie and dye, hairdressing and sewing to prevent them from going to the south to seek nonexistent jobs. 150 junior high schools in 13 selected districts from the Brong Ahafo, Central region, Eastern region and Greater Accra region to benefit from a project aimed at improving the quality of education in the country. Which is been implemented by Plan Ghana. Agriculture, this is done by providing equipment to the farmers in deprived areas to help them get better yields. Also they are taught new farming techniques that can improve the quality of yields, advised on crops to cultivate. They help farmers advocate policies that promote market access, control over productive resources by small scale farmers and sustainable agric in the face of climate change. Examples of such NGO’s are SNV and SARI. Also in the economic sector NGOs help alleviate poverty. Since 2009 Technoserve has supported 4209 women in the northern, Upper East and Upper west. They have been economically marginalized. 12 women groups were supported to secure Shea processing centres. This means that these people are assisted to start small scale businesses to earn capital which will in turn improve their standard of life. This helps the people immensely because they now gain capital to improve their standard of living. SNV is implementing four year project to assist smallholder farmers in three African countries, Ghana included to supply their national school feeding programme. it is been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation with a grant of 7. million dollars. Science and technology is also an area NGOs tackle by providing the right materials for science programmes which help upcoming students with keen interest in science to develop their potentials. Some of these NGO come out with research findings which help in development of some sectors. Some of the NGOs SARI, UNESCO. In the area of health care, this is done by providing health centers, prov iding potable water. Providing the deprived with nutritious food to eat. Some NGOs like USAID provide cooking oil and rice to some of the deprived areas. They also help them with the guinea worm eradication in the northern parts by giving them mouth filters which can be used to drink water from some water bodies. Some examples are water Aid, Oxfam and WHO Some NGO provide relief items in cases of conflicts and natural disasters like floods which is prominent during the rainy season in Ghana. This relief items like bags of rice, sugar, corn, mattresses, clothing, building materials are donated to the affected people in these areas. An example is ADRA. In addition, others play a role in the rights of people be it the mentally challenged or not. Basic needs Basic rights belief mental health is not a right or a privilege . They help people with mental illness and epilepsy. When they recover their health they learn new skills or go back to their work. Actionaid promote women’s rights, the organization worked on women’s participation in leadership and decision making, violence against women and girls. To conclude, the contributions of NGOs to development cannot be over emphasized since it deals with major aspects of development like education, agriculture, economic, healthcare, provision of relief items and human rights

What You Should Know About Gender Dysphoria

What You Should Know About Gender Dysphoria The term gender dysphoria describes a strong feeling that one’s actual gender is different from the biological sex assigned to them at birth. Gender dysphoric persons born with male genitalia and physical characteristics may strongly feel they are actually females, while those born with female genitalia and physical characteristics may strongly feel they are actually males. Dysphoria is defined as a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction. Key Takeaways: Gender Dysphoria Gender dysphoria is a strong feeling that one’s actual gender is different from the biological sex assigned at birth.Children, adolescents, and adults may experience gender dysphoria.Gender dysphoria is not a mental illness.Gender dysphoria has no bearing on a person’s sexual preference.  Gender dysphoria was called â€Å"gender identity disorder† until 2013.Due to their differences from â€Å"gender norms, dysphoric people face significant challenges to gaining equality and social acceptance.Today, there is evidence that society is becoming more accepting of gender dysphoric people.   Gender dysphoria was formerly called â€Å"gender identity disorder.† However, this suggested that gender confusion was a mental illness, which it is not. In 2013, the â€Å"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders† of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), acknowledged that gender confusion becomes a medical condition only if actually affects one’s health or well-being and renamed it gender dysphoria. It is important to understand that while gender dysphoria is a recognized medical condition, it is not a mental illness.   Examples of Gender Dysphoria Children, adolescents, and adults may experience gender dysphoria. For example, young biologic girls may prefer to wear boys’ clothing, participate in boys’ activities, and express their desire to grow up and live as men. Similarly, young biological boys may say they wish they were girls or state that they will grow up to be women. Gender dysphoric adults, feeling uncomfortable being treated by others according to the gender assigned to them by society, may adopt the behavior, clothing, and mannerisms of the gender with which they most closely identify. The Language of Gender Identity Understanding the true meaning and range of the gender dysphoria spectrum requires an understanding of some often-confused terms. For example, while they are often used interchangeably, â€Å"sex† and â€Å"gender† are not the same. According to current (2013) APA guidelines, the following definitions apply: â€Å"Sex† refers to the biological differences between males and females based strictly on internal and external sex organs and chromosomes present at birth.â€Å"Gender† refers to a person’s internal feelings of being male, female, a blend of both, or neither, according to generally accepted cultural or societal perceptions of masculinity or femininity. These personal feelings of masculinity or femininity make up one’s â€Å"gender identity.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Transgender† refers to persons whose sense of gender identity does not match their sex assigned at birth. For example, someone whose biological sex is male (has a penis) but who feels like a woman is a transgender. Transgender people often have a feeling that they were â€Å"born in the wrong body.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Transsexual† refers to gender dysphoric persons whose feelings of opposite-gender identity are so powerful that they take steps to assume the characteristics and gender-based roles o f persons of the opposite sex. Transsexual persons may seek medical assistance- such as hormone replacement therapy or gender- reassignment surgery- to effectively change their physical appearance or gender. â€Å"Gender Queer† refers to individuals whose gender identity and sometimes sexual orientation shift throughout their lifetimes.â€Å"Gender Fluid† applies to persons who embrace different gender identities at different times.â€Å"A-gendered† literally means â€Å"without gender,† and applies to people who identify as being of no gender at all.â€Å"Cis-gender† describes persons whose gender identity or sexual expression aligns with the sex assigned to them at birth. Gender Dysphoria and Sexuality Many people incorrectly associate gender dysphoria with same sex attraction, assuming that all transgender persons are gay. This is a dangerous and potentially harmful misconception. People with gender dysphoria typically live as straight, gay, or bisexual, exactly like those whose gender identity aligns with their biological sex. Basically, gender dysphoria has no bearing on a person’s sexuality. Brief History of Gender Dysphoria Descriptions of gender dysphoria’s feelings of discomfort with one’s anatomical sex first appeared in medical literature during the middle of the 19th century. Until the 1950s, gender nonconformity and same-sex relationships were almost universally considered to be socially objectionable forms of perversion. This negative perception began to change in late 1952 when Christine Jà ¸rgensen famously became the first American to undergo gender-reassignment surgery. After her secret surgery became known, she became one of the earliest advocates for the rights of transgender people. In 1957, sexologist John William Money created and advocated for the concept of gender as a separate entity from sex. As a result of Money’s research, the feeling of confusion between anatomical sex and gender identity was classified as a form of mental illness called â€Å"gender identity disorder† by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1980.  This terminology contributed to the stigmatization and discrimination still experienced by transgender and gender-fluid individuals today. Finally, in 2013, the APA recognized that â€Å"gender nonconformity is not in itself a mental disorder,† and reclassified â€Å"gender identity disorder† as â€Å"gender dysphoria,† which becomes a medical condition only if it results in actual mental or physical harm. Despite this turning point in understanding on the part of the medical community, transgender people continue to face significant challenges in gaining equality and social acceptance. Gender Dysphoria in Modern Society Today as always, society places great importance on gender norms- the â€Å"socially-acceptable† ways of expressing gender and sexuality. Gender norms are passed from generation-to-generation by parents, teachers, friends, spiritual leaders, the media, and other social institutions. Despite recent signs of better acceptance, such as legally-required transgender public bathrooms and gender-neutral college dorm rooms, many gender dysphoric persons continue to suffer as a result of their feelings. According to the APA, physicians typically require that transsexual or transgender persons seeking hormone therapy or gender-reassignment surgery must first be examined and referred by a mental health provider. Research conducted by the University of California in 2012, found that the rejection by the straight community experienced by transgender and transsexual people is actually significantly harsher than that experienced by lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people. In addition, a study conducted by the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network in 2009 found that transgender and transsexual students face much higher levels of on-campus harassment and violence than LGB students. Perhaps most significantly, a 2011 study conducted by the Institute of Medicine concluded that the marginalization of gender dysphoric people by society is having a devastating effect on their physical and mental health. For example, the study found substantially higher rates of substance abuse, attempted suicide and HIV infection, and other medical problems in transgender and transsexual persons than those occurring in the general population. Evidence of Change Today, there are important signs that a more hopeful era of understanding and acceptance for gender dysphoric people is at hand. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has banned all forms of discrimination against or harassment of individuals in the workplace because of their gender identity, including transgender status or sexual orientation. In addition, the U.S. Department of Defense now allows transgender, as well as gay and lesbian individuals to serve openly in all branches of the military. More clinical studies are exploring treatment techniques for transgender people who seek it, as well as ways to prevent discrimination and harassment. Finally, a growing number of universities are joining institutions like Brown, Cornell, Harvard, Princeton, and Yale in offering health insurance plans that include coverage for hormone therapy or gender-reassignment surgery for transgender students, faculty, and staff. Sources Understanding Gender. GenderSpectrum.org. OnlineWeiss, Robert, LCSW. Heterosexual, Homosexual, Bisexual, Gender Dysphoric. Psychology Today. OnlineWhat Is Gender Dysphoria? American Psychiatric Association. OnlineZasshi, Seishin Shinkeigaku, 2012. The history of the concept of gender identity disorder. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of HealthNorton, Aaron T. Herek, Gregory M. â€Å"Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults.† Psychology Department, University of California, Davis. January 10, 2012The 2009 National School Climate Survey. Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network. ISBN 978-193409205-7The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding. Institute of Medicine. ISBN 978-0-309-21061-4

Exploring CSR in aquacultural sector in Greece evaluating Nireus SA Essay

Exploring CSR in aquacultural sector in Greece evaluating Nireus SA CSR strategy - Essay Example In a recent survey report that was conducted, it was ascertained that the implementation as well as the application of CSR in an organisation fosters significant progress as well as provides business benefits. Furthermore, it has been revealed that CSR represents and depicts the company’s values and norms (ABA Section of International Law, 2008; Brennan, 2011). CSR plays an important role in aquaculture sector as well. Aquaculture deals with aqua farming which represents the farming of the aquatic organism. In the recent scenario, aquaculture is determined as a relatively growing sector and moreover, it is enabling to generate a significant extent of quality fish as well as other aquatic food items for human consumption. Furthermore, aquaculture depicts a highly diversified production sector that encompasses various systems, facilities, processes as well as products under a vast range with regard to political, social, economic as well as environmental conditions. In accordance with the present day context, aquaculture productions as well as allied trade activities have accelerated by a considerable extent. In this situation, a major concern has cropped up with regard to the negative impact of aquaculture based activities on environment, consumers as well as communities. CSR plays an imperative role in this particular sector as it depicts the prior responsibilities of an organisation. In present times, the business firms related to aquaculture are adopting an increased level of CSR initiatives in order to attain technical as well as financial assistance to comply with the competitive market requirements along with advanced marketing methods regarding aquaculture products. CSR with regard to aquaculture provides an insight on organisational development. Furthermore, CSR initiates sustainable development of aquaculture that mainly depends upon three basic factors social, environmental as well as economical. It also helps in ascertaining welfare as well as h ealth concerns of animals, environmental integrity and socio-economic aspects (Karnani, 2012; Morsing & et. al., 2006). Nireus SA group is represented as the leader in terms of the production as well as the exportation of aquaculture species on a worldwide basis. At Nireus SA, the company performs an effective set of CSR initiatives on the grounds of human beings, society and environment. On conducting the business related to aquaculture, it aims to diminish the negative impact if any on society at large as well as on the environment. The concerned company focuses on quality that reflects its compliance with legal aspects and regulations. This also frames a part of Corporate Social Responsibility (4Nireus, 2012). The concerned research study intends to â€Å"explore CSR in the aqua-cultural sector in Greece along with evaluating Nireus SA CSR strategy†. The objective of the study is to ensure and explore the CSR of Nireus SA group within Greece. Furthermore, this study entail s introduction with regard to the implementation and benefits of CSR on aquaculture sector. Moreover, this study will also ascertain about the company and its Corporate Social Responsibilities. This particular research study also presents findings based on a questionnaire survey in which a set of questions related to Nireus’ CSR initiatives have been presented. In addition, qualitative semi-structured interview has been conducted. The interview takes into account

Using concrete examples compare and contrast hearing and listening Essay

Using concrete examples compare and contrast hearing and listening - Essay Example ps; like when one tries to recall any past event and he is able to remember hearing one or two things unconsciously and these tits and bits of information do come handy in many ways. However, active listening is vital and is explicitly significant for learning and progressing in academic, professional or personal life. Like, if one sits in a Professional Development Sessions and he does not pay conscious attention towards the taught concepts, he will suffer from developing skills and will be stuck in a challenging situation due to lack of strategic solutions. However, if a person actively listens in such session and remembers even one of the taught strategies, he will be able to integrate it easily in his day to day working and will definitely benefit from the learnt concept. Lets! Suppose, if an enthusiast Father is preaching God’s magnificence in his Sermon, he will quote direct biblical verses to prove his point to the Listeners. And he can only quote them aptly if he integrates them with day to day occurrences or issues of the listeners (which he hears during confessions). Similarly, if he is not attentive in confessions box, he will not be able to speak effectively with his audience, as he will not be aware of their core problems or pressing issues. Likewise, if his audience is only hearing and they have diverse nature (content oriented, time oriented or passive listeners) they will not benefit or acquire any information from his sermon and their faith will decline eventually. Active listeners tend to comprehend the received information in diverse ways. Simultaneously, hearing is a natural act of receiving sounds from the environment. Like the traffic noise, wind blowing, honking horns, animal cries, people talking in crowded subways, one can hear them; but does not focus on them consciously or unconsciously. And if he does concentrate on any of them like consciously hearing the chirping of the birds then the act becomes listening instead of hearing. For

Cross Cultural Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Cross Cultural Perspectives Essay The Microsoft Corporation is a fortune 500 company that ranked # 35 on the fortune 500 list in 2013 (Fortune 500, 2013) and is one of the largest business corporations in the world. It was founded in 1975 by two guys named Paul Allen and Bill Gates, the business developed very rapidly as the years went by and reached a marker of 89,000 employees, with a revenue of $62 billion dollars and had offices located all over the world (Fortune 500, 2011). From the initial headquarters that is held in Albuquerque New Mexico, the Microsoft Company steadily increased the offices held within the United States and expanded that to include more than 100 countries abroad. This expansion into different countries became a challenge because of having to deal with new lifestyles, new cultures, people, and languages. Proper research needed to be conducted not to mention the implementation of a proper working strategy to help the integration of these new ethics and cultures into those of the Microsoft Corporation. The homepage of the Microsoft Corporation shares a summarized version of its culture and says â€Å"We as individuals and as a company value honesty, integrity, constructive self criticism, openness, mutual respect, and continual self improvement† (Microsoft Corporation, 2011). The Microsoft Corporation also presents their official responsibilities as part of their ethical obligation. â€Å"We at the Microsoft Corporation hold ourselves accountable to our shareholders, customers, employees, and partners, and we do this by honoring our commitment, providing results, and striving for the highest quality possible† (Microsoft Corporation, 2011). When making a move into new cultures and countries, it becomes very important for employees old and new to not only understand but also accept the Microsoft Corporations ethics and culture. As we all know Microsoft products are used all over the world in both businesses and homes. When they first made the decision to open an office in Lebanon, a majority of the computers ran on the Microsoft Windows operating system and the Windows Office program was the most popular word processing and spreadsheet program. However, there was a problem and that problem was the fact that there was a bunch of versions of this system that had been pirated and distributed in that country. In a country where buying a five dollar pirated software program from a local computer store made it a little hard in terms of convincing some people that it was not only unethical but also illegal. This brings about the question of, â€Å"How is The Microsoft Corporation going to sell authentic versions of their software when there are pirated versions being distributed at such a cheaper price not to mention a lack of government control involved†? Because of this, Microsoft proceeded to send letters to these major organizations warning them against using this pirated software. They also offered to visit these businesses in order to conduct a site survey so that assessments could be made in terms of what software would fit the company the best and at what the cost would be. The Microsoft Corporation also provided the organization that behaved ethically and invited Microsoft in for the survey assessment; Microsoft turned around and gave them a very good price deal on the software. Microsoft also introduced to them a payment facility for the companies that had to make large purchases of the software in order to get licenses for the pirated software they already had in place. Everyone knows that not all organizations and businesses operate within ethical boundaries. Lebanon, just like the U. S. , is similar in the fact that it is an individualist culture. However, bribery is common throughout this country. Microsoft has an ethical standard that is against these types of acts and it is totally against their integrity. It was however, improbable to sell these authentic copies to many of these businesses without presenting these managers with some type of gift in exchange. Some of these organizations proceeded to offer gifts to the Microsoft Corporation’s employees. They in return were hoping for some type of special discount, or a deal would not work out. The Microsoft Corporation has an ethical obligation to their shareholders and that obligation is to protect and increase the value of the shares. The Microsoft Corporation has to be able to earn a said profit in order for the share values to increase. On a bad note, Microsoft cannot legitimately sell software copies in a country that has corruption and bribery within its ethics and culture. According to Transparency International â€Å"The transparency in Lebanon ranked 2. 5 out of 10 in the world in 2010† (Corruption Perception Index 2010 Results, 2010). When comparing that score to 8. 9 out of 10 in Canada and 7. 1 out of 10 in the United States, the difference is quite staggering. Microsoft has to be able to find a way to adapt their approach in order to conclude some type of successful business in the country of Lebanon. According to the text book â€Å"The biggest source of anxiety for business people in America who operate abroad is the expectations of bribes and payoffs† (Trevino Nelson, 2007). When the Microsoft management team was faced with bribes or offerings in order to sell their software to the organizations who where operating on pirated copies, they in return chose to use an ethical model in order to make a decision in regards of choosing which course of action would be best to take. The judicial systems of these countries that have a low transparency, that are similar to those in Lebanon, are very weak. So filing a lawsuit against the businesses that are running the pirated versions of the Microsoft software programs would turn out to be very costly, time consuming and may end up yielding no type of results in the end. Management teams that are faced with different types of ethical situations can apply different types of ethical models in order to help assist in the process of decision making. In the case of bribing a manager of an organization in order to purchase software that is legal, it is possible that they could apply the utilitarianism ethical model. By looking at the result, it might be easy to try and make a decision on whether or not the employees at the Microsoft Corporation may try and bribe a business into purchasing Microsoft software that is legal. On a positive note, Microsoft selling more software to organizations and businesses that need it or may already be using it may help in the reduction of software being pirated within the country. The share prices at Microsoft are being maintained by the revenue and the employees receiving a commission. On the negative side, if a bribe is being paid to an employee or a member of the business or an organization who is purchasing the Microsoft software. The Utilitarianism’s ethical model shows approval of this as a decision that is ethical. Being able to apply different ethical models, such as the deontological model may end up having different ending results. The question that this raises is â€Å"Should all businesses or organizations pay some type of bribe or bribes in order to help sell their products? † The answer to this naturally is, â€Å"no†. Global businesses are faced with many different challenges everyday as they expand into different foreign organizations. Ethical challenges will always arise for an organization as they expand. The ethical decisions made in regards to different business matters can usually be solved by applying the different ethical models that are available. There are plenty of tools available for helping solve arising ethical problems and they need to be used so they may be helpful in making solutions. With the launch of Microsoft in the country of Lebanon they need to confront these ethical issues of bribery so that they can enter the market. The Microsoft Corporation must learn to adapt their policies in order to comply with the ethical standards they have in the country of Lebanon. References Corruption Perception Index, 2010 results (2010). Transparency International Retrieved August 11, 2013 from https://www. transparency. org/policy_research/surveys Fortune Global 500 (2011) CNN Money, Retrieved August 11, 2013 from https://money. cnn. com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011 Microsoft Corporation (2011) About Microsoft, Retrieved August 10, 2013 from https://www. microsoft. com/about/en/us/default. aspx Trevino. L. K Nelson. K. L (2007) Retrieved August 9, 2013 from Managing Business Ethics (4th Ed). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons.

Colon Cancer Awareness :: Colorectal Cancer

In Hacienda Heights, California, Elsie Garcia a 67 year old female patient would evade the colonoscopy screening for four years which would screen for colon cancer is alive and healthy today due to a new test called FIT (fecal immunochemical test) which is less invasive than the American Cancer Society â€Å"Gold Standard â€Å"colonoscopy. She would schedule appointments for the procedure but would cancel in fear of the risk related to having colonoscopies. A Colonoscopy is considered the best way of screening for potential cancerous polyps is considered generally safe but the risk of colon perforation during the procedure is 1 in 1000 cases which would lead to serious complications. Garcia agreed to the FIT screening in which her doctors found blood in her stool. They scheduled Garcia for a follow up colonoscopy which four early cancerous polyps that were removed. Garcia was grateful for the FIT screening and is alive and health today (Szabo, 2014). Anatomy Colorectal Cancer is the third leading cancer in men and women and is considered the leading cause of cancer causing death. In the text Physiology 5th edition, the statistics show that the annual incidence of colon and rectal cancer in the United States is estimated to be 148,810 with a mortality rate of 49,960 (Copestead-Kirkhorn, 2013). The colon is a tube shaped organ in which its primary function is water absorption. It is approximately five feet in length starting from the right side of the abdomen and stretches across to the left side of abdomen appearing to like an upside down â€Å"U† shape. The colon is identified as the right colon, transverse colon, the descending colon, sigmoid colon and the rectum. The blood supply to the colon comes from the aorta which branch out into the mesenteric vessels. In the fat of the mesentery house the lymph nodes which aid in immunity and play an important role in cancer of the colon. There colon has four layers; the mucosa, submucos a, muscularis and serosa which are important in diagnosis and staging of cancer. It is within the mucosa that abnormal tissue growth such as polyps occurs (Bub-Rose-Wong, 2008). Cancer is a condition in which some cells do not follow their cell cycle rules. Every cell in the body has a specific function, the normal cell has growth cycles which are regulated and have a limited life span. The normal functioning cell stay within the boundaries of is organ or tissue of which it belongs to.

I.T and Hauhaus Essay

As they are the competitor within the market, the retailing strategies to be used are similar. Therefore, it is easier to collect and compare the financial data and draw out the conclusion to see which company would be worthier to invest. The report covers the company and industry background, ratio analysis, future forecast of two companies’ performance. 2)Company Background Bauhaus (0483, HK) Bauhaus was found in 1991. It has been listed on HKEX stock market since 2005. There are more than 200 retails store and over corners and point of sales in Hong Kong, Macau ,mainland China and Taiwan,. Apart from selling different foreign brand, liked Cheap Monday, G-Star, EVISU etc, Bauhaus also building the local brand liked Salad, T Tough Jeansmith and 80/20. It is a leading retail store in selling casual wear, especially for jeans item. There are 234 Bauhaus shops in Asia. Using the wholesale strategy, Bauhaus can expand the business from Asia to Western country. In the future, it may diversify its product line like launch more foreign brand to increase its competiveness. I. T (0999, HK) I. T was found in November of 1988. It has been listed on HKEX stock market since 2005. The Group has an extensive self managed retail network extending to nearly 450 stores across Greater China with staff around 4,800. The brands are well accepted in Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Australia, the Philippines and France. More stores will be opened in these places in the future. The feature of I. T retail store is group several brands in a sizable retail location. It owns a number of in-house brands liked 5CM, fingercroxx and X-large, as well as distributing European and Japanese designer’s brands such as French Connection and A Bathing Ape Comme des Garcons, D&G, etc. 3)Industry Outlook Hong Kong is one of the fashion hubs in Asia. There are a wind variety of local and international fashion brand locate there flagship store in Hong Kong. The competitive is dynamic and incentive. Hong Kong consumers are willing to spend money on fashion and clothing. As the purchasing power of is high, so the demand of fashion product is huge. According to CIA THE WORLD FACTBOOK, this entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. From this result, Hong Kong is ranking to 37 after compared to 227 countries in the year of 2010. According to the information from Asia Case Research Centre (ACRC), it shows that retail is the 2nd largest sector in the service industry that accounted for 85. 7% of Hong Kong’s GDP. Also, The Census and Statistics Department (C;SD) indicate that the value of total retail sales in October 2011, provisionally estimated at $34. 2 billion, increased by 23. 1% over a year earlier. Analyzed by broad type of retail outlet and comparing October 2011 with October 2010, wearing apparel increase 14. 6%; footwear, allied products and other clothing accessories increase 11. 3%. This data proofs that the demand of fashion items is huge and purchasing power in this region is relatively high. Besides, tourists come to Hong Kong are increasing each year; they bring with high purchase power in fashion items, especially those Chinese tourists. According to the statistics released by the Immigration Department, about 800,000 to 900,000 Mainland visitors travel to Hong Kong monthly. It shows that Hong Kong’s market has a huge potential development chance. According the data of Hong Kong government, the sales revenue of retailing business has a growth during April of 20010 to Feb of 2011. It is because the economic environment is better than past year. Hong Kong’s GDP fell in 2009 as a result of the global financial crisis, but a recovery began in third quarter 2009, and the economy grew nearly 6. 8% in 2010. In addition, China’s economy growth fast, the performance of its economy growth is greater than the other country. And Hong Kong’s economy is influenced by China very much. In the future, we can see that Hong Kong’s retailing business will growth rapidly. It seems a great chance to develop the retail business; however, there are some risks on the growth of fashion retail business in Hong Kong. Nowadays, Globalization is a hot topic of the world, more and more foreign brands enter in Hong Kong market, such as GAP, Forever 21, Zara, H&M and Monki, etc which provide good price and trendy design merchandises. They regarded Hong Kong as the stepping stones to go into the China market. With more branding in Hong Kong, the competition between them is becoming more intensive and serious. Therefore, the local fashion retailers have to build up their competitive advantages to withstand the impact from those foreign brands. Also, because of the inflation of Hong Kong and China, the cost of the materials, labor and transportation is getting higher. Garment manufacturing is a labor intensive activity. The cost of garment is mainly from the increasing labor cost and transportation cost. In order to deal with, the retailer probably need to order more amount of quantity each time to achieve the economy of scale, so the cost will be lower. Furthermore, as we know that Hong Kong’s rental price of shop is the first three expensive in the world. The rental price has been increasing rapidly in the recent years. From 2010 to 2011, the rental price was increased more than ten percent. So, rental price of the store is a core cost of any business, especially fashion retailer as it needs a large space for displaying and storing the products. The rental cost affects the profit of the fashion retailers. To conclude, Hong Kong fashion retail market is still positive. There are many great opportunity for Hong Kong fashion retail to expand its business. However, there are some uncertainty need to be pay attention, such as the entrance of foreign brands and the unstable rental cost. So, the local fashion industry needs to create a competitive strategy to deal with. For example, local fashion retailers can use the attractive marketing strategy, liked collaboration with other brands, provide excellent customer services and building great brand image. 4)Ratio analysis i) Test for profitability I. T (in HKD 000)Bauhaus (in HKD 000)* a)Return on Equity (Net income / Average stockholders’ equity)416945/[(1843212+1477723)/2] =25. 1%25. 1% b)Profit margins (Net income/ Net Sales)416945/3834422 =10. 9%11. 4% ii)Test for liquidity I. TBauhaus c)Current Ratio Current Asset/ Current liabilities1873282/1012495 1. 85%3. 3 d)Quick Ratio (Current Assets- Inventory)/ Current liabilities(1873282-736717)/1012495 =1. 1%1. 7 e)Inventory Turnover Cost of goods sold/ Average Inventory1405482/[(736717+394520)/2] 2. 52. 0 iii)Test for Solvency and equity position I. TBauhaus f)Debt/Equity Ratio Total liabilities/ Total stockholders’ equity(1012495+429852)/1843282 0. 78(149 7+126461)/494938 0. 26 iv) Market test I. TBauhaus g)Price/Earnings ratio Current Market Price per Share/ Earning per Share4. 88/0. 33 =14. 82. 98/0. 32 =9. 3 h)Dividend Yield Ratio Dividends per share/ Market price per share0. 146/4. 8 =3. 0%0. 177/2. 98 =5. 9% *Quote from annual report* Two financial reports announced in different date- Bauhaus- For the year ended 31 March 2011 I. T—for the year ended 28 February 2011 i )Test for Profitability Profitability is a primary measure of the overall success of the company. This is a class of ratios that are used to assess a business’s ability that generate earnings compared to its expenses and other relevant costs incurred. To determine rather the company is valuable for investing or not which need to get high profitability when compared with competitor’s company. However, in fashion industry, the sales revenue is seasonal. For example, the sales revenue is much higher during Christmas and Chinese New Year in Hong Kong. So, we should not compare the retailer’s fourth-quarter profit margin with the profit margin from the same period a year before because it would be far more informative. a)Returns on Equity This ratio indicating how much income was earned for every dollar invested by the stockholders. ROE can reflect if they have used the money that invested in the company to generate much more income. If the ROE is low, it shows that the returns of the investors will not be high. And the company doesn’t utilize the resources that they have invested. Two companies have a similar result of this ratio. Both two companies can generate about 20% of income using stockholders’ equity. It is because retail store is not very high investment to enter the market; it has higher ROE when compare to other industry liked Construction Company. In order to measure the company is worth to investing on; ROE ratio should not be lower than 15%. So, two companies are worth to invest on. b)Profit margin Profit margin is an indicator of a company’s pricing strategies and how well it controls costs. It is calculated by finding the net profit as a percentage of the revenue. A low profit margin indicates a low margin of safety: higher risk that a decline in sales will erase profits and result in a net loss, or a negative margin. The higher profit margin means that the company has a higher ability to generate profit. I. T’s result is 10. 9%, it is lower than Bauhaus 11. 4%. I. T should minimize the expense. Bauhaus has a higher profit margin in 2010/2011. It shows that they have put effort to maximize the profit. Since compared with last year (10. 5%), it has been increased. i) Test for liquidly It is a class of financial metrics that is used to determine a company’s ability to pay off its short-terms debts obligations. A company’s ability to turn short-term assets into cash to cover debts is of the utmost importance when creditors are seeking payment. Bankruptcy analysts frequently use the liquidity ratios to determine whether a company will be able to continu e as a going concern. c) Current ratio This ratio measures the ability of the company to pay current debts as they become due. It is the important ratio that we can identify if the company has a good cash flow. If the debts recalled but the company does not have enough money to pay it, the company may be asked to bankrupt. On the other hand, current ratio should be in appropriate level. Ratio is too high means the company did not fully utilize the current assets to generate the profit. Bauhaus have a higher current ratio than I. T, it means Bauhaus’ ability of returning the debts is greater than I. T. It can more utilize current assets to generate more income. It shows that they have $3. 3current assets for returning $1 of current liabilities. Investor need to concern the ability of a company that utilizes the current asset. I. T has a lower Current ratio than Bauhaus. However, it is enough ability for them to returning the current liabilities when they are recalled. And it shows that I. T has better utilization of the assets to generate profit. It shows that they have $1. 85 current assets for returning $1 of current liabilities. d) Quick Ratio Quick Ratio is similar with the current ratio with no consideration on the inventory factor. It is more representatives to measuring rather the company can return the current liabilities immediately. The quick assets included Cash, Accounts receivable etc. These assets can return into cash in short time. Inventory will not be counted in this ratio as it may need longer time to return into cash and a risk of cannot be sold. It is a very important ratio for fashion industry, since the trends cycle of clothing is fast, the product may be in today, but out day tomorrow. So, fashion retailer should not keep too many inventories. Bauhaus have a higher in Quick ratio, however, compared with the current ratio, it is a great variation on two ratios. It means that the inventory tied up its current assets. It is not a good issue on a fashion company. They need to bare the risk on high discount of the product when the product is outdated. It will be high losses on the revenue. They can minimize the inventory through different method, liked big sale, buy one get one free and so on. Although the quick ratio f I. T is lower than Bauhaus, it is enough to returning the debts when all the current debts are recalled. e) Inventory Turnover This ratio measure how quick of a company sells their inventory. Higher inventory turnover lead to shorter cycle on inventory. Since inventory is not easily being sold out and transform into cash in a short period, fashion retailer should not hold too much inventory. Since fashion items are easily faded out. If the company store too much stock, the risk of the inventory cannot be sold out will be increase. Also, the expenses of storing will be occurred. Once the inventory is outdated, the company needs to sell it in a large mark down price. The profit of the company will be affected Since Bauhaus have a lower level on inventory, its inventory turnover will much slower than I. T. It may tie up the capital if the inventory cannot be sold. So, company should reduce the level of inventory. I. T has a greater performance on inventory turnover. It shows that they have shorter cycle on inventory. So that it is much easier transforming inventory into cash. iii) Test for Solvency and equity position It’s a set of ratio that to test the company can be able to meet it long-term repayment responsibility. It provides a measurement of company can continue to meet its debt obligations. f) Debt/ equity Ratio This ratio measure a company’s financial leverage calculated by dividing its total liabilities by stockholders’ equity. It indicates what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets. I. T’s result is 0. 33, shows that $0. 33 liabilities that exists for each $1 invested by the owners. It is a very low value. Bauhaus’s result is 0. 21, which is lower than I. T. In the Balance Sheet, we can find out that Bauhaus did not ask for the long term debts from the third party. It shows that they don’t have the interest burden. The result shows that two companies is not using the debt financing to acquire the financial resources, liked selling bonds, bills or notes to the investors. Debt financing is much higher risk than equity financing. As these two companies is listed company, they would like use the equity financing to raise money. And the equity financing method is more safety and no regular interest burden. v) Market Test Market test relate the current market price of share of stock to an indicator of the return that might accrue to the investor. It based on the share market’s perception of the company. It can let the investor to know if the company is worth to invest. g) PE Ratio Current Market Price per Share/ Earning per Share This ratio measur e the relationship between the current market price of the stock and its earnings per share. The higher the ratio, the higher the perceived quality of the earnings by the share market. It also shows the future growth of company. If the P/E ratio is too high, it means that the value of the company is overstated. And it is not a good choice to investing on that company. I. T have a higher PE ratio than Bauhaus it means that the quality of the earnings by the share market is higher. It is more worth to invest h) Dividends Yield ratio This ratio measures the dividend-paying performance of different investment alternatives. The higher of result, the better performance. Bauhaus have a higher result, it shows that they have higher dividend-paying performance. If the investor wants to put the money into low risk and long term investment. They can choose this company. 5)Limitation on analyses of ratio Since two financial reports is announce in different ended date. The result may not be accurate. The fashion retail industry turnover is seasonal, like The Chinese New Year of 2011 was in February so the sales turnover must be high in that moment. After that, the turnover will be drop. So, these two companies will in different sales turnover rate. 6)Forecast of the company’s future prospects This part can be divided in to two parts, the 5 years income statement analysis and potential risk of the company. a)I. T The diagram shows that turnover have been increased gradually during 2007 to 2011. Although 2008-2009’s local economy is in down turn, the company still can strive to increase of turnover. It is predict that the company will probably maintain the increment since the economy situation is recovering and the local residents will spend more money on clothing items. The diagram shows that I. T had undergone a decrease on profit in year 2009 due the poor economy situation. And they suffered decrease of financial income. And the operating expense was higher than 2008. After 2009, there was a great improvement on profit. It has six times more profit comparing during 2010and nine times during 2011. It is predict that the company will probably maintain the increment of the profit if it can keep the level of expenses. However, there are some risks have been raised. The operating cost is increasing during these 5 years. Since the rental price is much higher in the recent years. They should adapt different strategy in order to keep the cost in the low level. Another risk is that I. T needs to pay attention that is the exchange issue. Since I. T sources many merchandises from different countries and the foreign exchange is unstable. For example, Japan YEN is much higher exchange rate. However, I. T’s buying office purchase many Japanese fashion brand products. So the cost and price of the merchandises will be impacted by the exchange rate. To deal with risk management, I. T embed a risk alert culture throughout the Group, the Internal Audit Department has implemented an annual internal control risk self-assessment to allow major business units to identify and analyze the risks underlying the achievement of business objectives and to determine a basis for how such identified risks to be managed and mitigated. In the coming future, I. T should pay more attention on risk management in order to prevent suffering from the economy situation and to have a greater growth. Bauhaus Bauhaus also have a gradual increase of turnover during 2007-2011. The increment from 2009 to 2010 was slowly. It may because of the economy situation was still not recovered yet. However, there was a sharply increment from 2010 to 2011. It is predict that, the turnover will be increased faster. Bauhaus also suffered a decrease of financial income in 2009. After 2009, there was an improvement on profit growth. However, the improvement is less than I. T. The diagram shows that the profit properly tends to be increased. Bauhaus also face the foreign currency risk and operation cost increment risk. The Group continuously monitors its foreign exchange position and, when necessary, will hedge foreign exchange exposure arising from contractual commitments in sourcing apparel from overseas suppliers. Generally, the Group introduces conservative strategies on its financial risk management. In the future, Bauhaus will have a great growth. However, in the fashion business market, the information is run fast, the risk is always happen. The company should build up a risk management system to minimize the risk of company operation. 7)Conclusion The financial performance of both Bauhaus and I. T compared in this report is great. And the prediction of their future growth is positive. Thereby, two companies are worth to be invested. The above ratios show that Bauhaus have a better performance than I. T. For the investor that can undergo low risk, so the investment on Bauhaus is more preferable. It is because the company growth and financial debt position is better, and it has a higher dividend yield, and they keep on paying the dividends in last 5 years. For the investor who wants to have higher return, I. T will be a good choice. It is because the PE ratio is lower, so the company still has a great improvement and the share price probably being increased. It’s good for the investor that purchasing the stock in low price and then sold them in higher price.

Bigger, Faster, Stronger Essay

Chris Bell who came from an overweight family narrated this film. Chris did not want to be like his father when he was younger; instead he wanted to be like Arnold Schwarzenegger. Chris’ older brother would beat up kids who made fun of him so he was nicknamed Mad Dog. His younger brother hated school and had a learning disability. His younger brother was nicknamed Smelly. Chris and his brothers would wrestle in their basement. Mad Dog had become football captain at his school, while Smelly and Chris began participating in body building competitions. Chris was the strongest kid in his high school and held the New York record. Chris had started to get accused of using steroids. By his senior year he was one of the strongest kids in the country. He moved to California and trained at the gym that Arnold Schwarzenegger trained at. All he accomplished with moving was landing a job at Gold’s Gym selling memberships. It was said that some move to California and live out of thei r cars to lift at Gold’s Gym. Chris was always against steroids, so when he found out that all his heroes had used them he was very bothered. Chris’ older brother, Mad Dog, stated using steroids while playing football at University of Cincinnati. Shortly after he quit college to pursue another dream of his which was professional wrestling. Mad Dog was the guy who got paid to make other wrestlers look good by getting beat up. Mad Dog was told he would get a contract, but never did. Mad Dog started doing drugs in addition to steroids. He said he would rather be dead than average and later attempted to commit suicide. Smelly also followed Mad Dog and took steroids. He also pursued his wrestling dream, but unlike Mad Dog he had a wife to consider. After having a son, Smelly realized that wrestling was not the life he wanted. Smelly and his wife settled down in the suburbs and opened a gym. But even after quitting wrestling the steroid usage did not stop. Chris could not understand why he was so against steroid usage, but his brothers were not. It is said that many of the baseball players were using steroids and baseball players because of this went from being scrawny to looking like wrestlers. In 2005 Congress spent 151 days in session and 8 of those they spent debating the use of steroids. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention anabolic steroids kills 3 people a year and is #142 in top killers. Steroids are synthetic versions of hormones that your body produces naturally. Some side effects of steroids are acne, hair growth, and reduced sperm count. Some side effects in women are deepened voice, menstrual problem, and enlarged clitoris. Some of these side effects are not reversible. Testosterone tells the body to increase muscle size and strength and helps you recover from workouts faster. For kids some experts think steroids can stunt their growth, but it is not proven. No one has ever done studies on long-term effects of steroids. Congress wanted to pass a law that would control steroids like cocaine and heroin. In 1990 Congress passed the Anabolic Steroid Control Act. This video has not changed my opinion on steroids. My thought on steroids before watching this video was that it should only be used for medical reasons. I consider those who use steroids to gain an advantage over others in professional sports as cheaters. This video, however, did introduce me to many other types of people who use steroids such as pilots, porn stars, and musicians.

Right-Skewed Distribution What Does It Mean

Right-Skewed Distribution What Does It Mean SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Studying statistics? Then you've likely heard the phrase "normal distribution" when describing data. But what about the phrase "skewed right"? What does a right-skewed histogram look like? And what causes it? In this article, we give you examples of histograms skewed to the right and explain how these differ from normal distribution graphs. Feature image: Monika Wahi/Wikimedia Commons What Is Normal Distribution? Before we explain what it means when data is skewed right, let's review the definition of normal distribution. With normal distribution, two or more variables share a direct relationship to make a symmetrical data set, on which the left half mirrors the right half. These graphs are called bell curves due to their clearly defined, bell-like shape: On a normal distribution graph, the mean (average), median, and mode are all equal. These points all represent the center of the data, or the peak of the graph. What Does Skewed Right Mean? While normal distribution is one of the most common forms of distribution, not all data sets follow this basic curve. In other words, some histograms are skewed to the right or left. With right-skewed distribution (also known as "positively skewed" distribution), most data falls to the right, or positive side, of the graph's peak. Thus, the histogram skews in such a way that its right side (or "tail") is longer than its left side. Example of a right-skewed histogram. On a right-skewed histogram, the mean, median, and mode are all different. In this case, the mode is the highest point of the histogram, whereas the median and mean fall to the right of it (or, visually, the right of the peak). Note that the mean will always be to the right of the median. Graph A is skewed right, while Graph B is skewed left. With right-skewed graphs, the mean always comes to the right of the mode (i.e., the peak). (Asitgoes/Wikimedia Commons)[ These features ultimately make it difficult to assign a typical value as there is no clear center point on a right-skewed graph. By contrast, with normal distribution, because the mean, median, and mode are all equal and come at the center of the data set, you can easily use this value to more accurately generalize the data. What Causes a Right-Skewed Histogram? Data skewed to the right is usually a result of a lower boundary in a data set (whereas data skewed to the left is a result of a higher boundary). So if the data set's lower bounds are extremely low relative to the rest of the data, this will cause the data to skew right. Another cause of skewness is start-up effects. For example, if a procedure initially has a lot of successes during a long start-up period, this could create a positive skew on the data. (On the opposite hand, a start-up period with several initial failures can negatively skew data.)

How to structure documents for busy readers

How to structure documents for busy readers The 4-letter formula that makes writing much easier Some documents succeed or fail based on how well they get key points across in the shortest time possible. If you need to write a document like this, you must remember one crucial detail. A detail that people dont necessarily like to talk about. Here it is: Your document might not be read to the end. Yes, we said it. And theres no shame in it: its just a reality of life today – and a reflection of how busy we all are. Many people – either through time pressures or a lack of interest – will stop reading partway through. In fact, this mirrors the way most of us typically read newspapers (or online news). We generally read them between ‘main activities’ – on our way to work, waiting for the bus, and so on. We don’t have the time (or, usually, the inclination) to wade through masses of background or hold complicated concepts in our head. We just want to know what happened. At work, it can be the same: we just want the facts. We don’t want lots of background – unless, of course, we’re particularly interested in the subject. So, if we want to make sure our research and insights arent lost, how can we adapt our writing in light of this fact of (working) life? Well, the answer is to look again to the news – this time for inspiration. How news is written Newspaper news stories tend to put the most important information – the news – before the background. This allows busy readers to instantly pick out the key points of a story, and then to choose whether or not to read on for more detail. In fact, the structure is even more formulaic, with most stories following this pattern: What’s happened How it happened Amplify Tie up loose ends Youll see this ‘WHAT’ formula used in the news sections of any paper. In fact, with a well-structured news story, you should be able to cut from the bottom up without losing any of the main sense. Its also one of the most efficient ways to transfer knowledge at work, as it makes the most of how the brain absorbs information. WHAT in action Heres an example of how the formula can appear in the news – in this case, in an abridged version of a press release we put out last year. And if you read news stories, you wont have to look far to find this structure. Next time you pick up a newspaper or read online reports, see if you can spot the formula in action. Applying the WHAT formula at work So, how do you apply this journalist technique to the things you write at work? For some documents you can use the WHAT formula as it stands – especially if you write blog posts, press releases or articles. But with only a little tweaking, you can also use the structure for: summaries briefings company updates presenting research and insights short reports presentations For these other kinds of document, you may need to adapt the formula as follows: What’s happened – an outline of your main conclusions after evaluating the evidence How it happened – an outline of the evidence that your conclusions are based on Amplify – a more detailed description of your conclusions plus the supporting evidence Tie up loose ends – any further information you think the reader needs to know. Unlock your documents Perhaps you have a long, in-depth report in desperate need of a summary that conveys the core message. Or you might have piles of research youve gathered so you can brief a colleague or line manager before an important meeting or presentation. But how do you go from a jumbled set of notes or a complex report full of background information to a well-structured and succinct document that produces results? Thats where the WHAT formula comes in. It can unlock your documents – and your key insights or conclusions – for your readers to take in. Readers can pick out the essentials of your message before they (potentially) stop reading. Of course, if you capture your readers interest with the conclusions in your first few paragraphs, they may just be engaged enough to keep reading for the finer detail. But, with WHAT, youre safe either way – and your document can do its job. This post is an extract from a lesson in our online-learning programme, Emphasis 360, which is designed to transform your writing step by step, in practical, bite-sized lessons. You can try it out for free here. Image credit: qvist / Shutterstock

Building Pharaohs Chariot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Building Pharaohs Chariot - Essay Example To achieve their mission, the experts had to undergo several challenges. They had a time limit of only eight weeks to build and test the chariot that was quite a limited amount of time for such an exercise. Building the chariot required the assistance of highly skilled craftsmen, who were hard to locate in a foreign land. They relied heavily on the locals to find such men but eventually were able to locate one of the best carpenters and craftsmen in Cairo. This was a relief as they were now able to proceed. Obtaining the right and exact materials of building the chariot was another challenge they had to encounter. Most of the building materials of ancient Egypt were imported hence unable to obtain locally. They experts had to make use of locally available materials in their construction that had the same capacity to work as those used in the prior construction of the chariot. Assembling parts of the chariot was a challenge. Some parts of the chariot such as the spokes, which in ancie nt Egyptian times were made in a V-shaped way and connected to the hub with only pressure and glue, were hard to bend and fix as effectively as the Egyptians did. They had to make the wheel light enough as was for the Egyptians who had concluded to the use of 6 spokes wheels as opposed to the use of 4 spokes wheels that made movement cumbersome and the eight spokes wheels that made the chariots heavy.The experts relied on information from ancient Egyptian tombs located in the Elcab settlement in present day Cairo, with walls crafted over 300 years ago.